Dravet Syndrome: A Rare Form of Epilepsy

Dravet syndrome is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that usually emerges in infancy. It is characterized by diverse seizure patterns, cognitive regression, motor impairments, and behavioral abnormalities. The majority of patients with this condition have mutations involving the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha (I) gene SCN1A. We present a detailed account of a two-year-old child with a history of recurrent seizures since the age of 4 months. Genetic testing was performed which revealed a heterozygous pathogenic variant, confirming the diagnosis. The patient was managed successfully by a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, developmental specialists, and physical therapists.


Introduction
Dravet syndromes (DSs), one of the rare intractable epileptic encephalopathies occurring in early childhood, are characterized by diverse seizure patterns, cognitive regression, motor impairments, and behavioral abnormalities [1].Dravet syndrome was described in 1978 by Dravet (1978) under the name of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) but changed to Dravet syndrome in 1989 as the myoclonic component of epilepsy was not always present [2].Most patients with Dravet syndrome have mutations involving the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha (I) gene SCN1A [3].Tis case report presents a detailed account of a 11-year-old patient diagnosed with Dravet syndrome, highlighting the clinical features, diagnostic challenges, treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes.

Case Presentation
Te patient, a female, who is currently 11 years old, was born at term by LSCS to nonconsanguineous parents.She was originally transferred to the Pediatric Department of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City at the age of two with a history of recurrent seizures from the age of four months.She received her frst vaccination at the age of four months, after which she developed a high-level fever and left side tonic-clonic convulsions lasting about 15 minutes.She was also admitted twice at the age of ten to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit with epileptic status.Te child had developmental delays including speech and language delay and learning difculties.A neurological examination of her lower and upper limbs exhibited normal tone and tendon refexes.In addition, the Babinski sign was normal.

Diagnostic Evaluation
Te diagnostic workup included a comprehensive assessment to rule out other causes of seizures.Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed occasional generalized spike and slow wave discharged more on frontal region, indicating generalized epileptiform activity, consistent with Dravet syndrome.Lumbar puncture done showed no signifcant fndings.An MRI was also done showing mild cerebellar vermis atrophy.In addition, genetic testing was performed, targeting mutations in the SCN1A gene, which is associated with most Dravet syndrome cases.In this patients' case, SCN1A gene sequencing revealed a heterozygous pathogenic mutation; c.1344dupT, p.Glu449 * .Family genetic testing revealed only another sister with the variant gene; however, with milder symptoms while the rest of the family tested negative including the remaining nine siblings.

Treatment and Management
Te patient was started on a combination of antiepileptic drugs, including perampanel and sodium valproate.Other medications that helped with patients' symptoms were clonazepam, baclofen, clonidine, and melatonin.
Alternate treatment modalities including vagal nerve stimulation tried previously did not yield the desired beneft.
Due to the increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) associated with Dravet syndrome, close monitoring and seizure precautions were implemented.Te patient also received early intervention services to address developmental delays and optimize cognitive functioning.

Follow-Up and Long-Term Outcomes
Over the course of several years, the patient continued to experience seizures, albeit with varying frequency and intensity.Despite ongoing seizures, a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, developmental specialists, and physical therapists has helped manage the patient's symptoms and support their overall well-being.Te family receives ongoing education and counseling regarding seizure management, safety measures, and the potential impact on the child's development.

Discussion
Dravet syndrome is a rare disorder afecting 1 in 15,700 live births [4].With Dravet syndrome being commonly misdiagnosed and not commonly heard of, it is quite challenging to diagnose and start treatment early for these children.
Studies in the Arab world in general for Dravet syndrome are limited.In Lebanon, a study carried out on 8 patients showed similarity with our patient with regards to seizure presentation, age at frst presentation, and the absence of a family history of seizures [5].Another case report on Dravet syndrome conducted in Saudi Arabia revealed no remarkable radiological fndings [6].However, our patient had mild cerebellar vermis atrophy in the MRI.A case report on two Palestinian siblings confrmed parental mosaicism in the transmission of DS, thereby expanding the spectrum of known SCN1A mutations [7].Te possibility of mosaicism was also raised in a study carried out in the United Arab Emirates on three afected male siblings [8] which could also be a factor with our patient since family testing yielded negative results in our case also.
In this case report, the two-year-old child had presented with recurrent seizures since she received vaccination and developed fever at the age of four months.Te seizure would last 15 minutes.She was otherwise developmentally normal but was noticed to regress after the seizure episodes.
Seizure presentation may vary with most patients having their frst seizure between the ages of fve to eight months due to triggers such as fever, vaccination, or absence of any trigger [1].Seizure type can be focal or generalized tonicclonic type [1].Tis is consistent with our patient described above, although her frst seizure occurred at 4 months.
Genetic testing was recommended which revealed the SCN1A gene consistent with Dravet syndrome.In addition, her sister was also found to have the variant gene.
Te diferential diagnosis of DS includes febrile seizures, severe infantile multifocal epilepsy (SIMFE), progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME), and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS).Based on clinical features and laboratory investigations, the above conditions were ruled out.
As per the Dravet Syndrome Foundation [14], clinical diagnostic criteria include at least 4 of the following: (a) normal or near-normal cognitive and motor development before seizure onset, (b) two or more seizures with or without fever before 1 year, (c) seizure history consisting of myoclonic, hemiclonic, or generalized tonic-clonic seizures, (d) two or more seizures lasting longer than 10 minutes, and (e) failure to respond to frst-line antiepileptic drug therapy with continued seizures after 2 years of age.
Our patient fulflled all the above clinical criteria for Dravet syndrome.
Although EEG changes can vary from onset to evolution of Dravet syndrome, during wakefulness, background activity is shown to be normal in 50% of the cases, while in the remaining cases, the EEG becomes slow and poorly organised [15] which was seen in our patient.In addition, brain neuroimaging fndings on MRI such as focal brain atrophy, cortical dysplasia, and hippocampal sclerosis are found in minority of patients with Dravet syndrome [16].In our patient, mild cerebellar vermis atrophy was seen in the MRI.
Despite treatment challenges and most patients presenting after a vaccination, immunization should not be withheld in patients with Dravet syndrome.Refractory seizures along with cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments show that there is a considerable need for newer treatments to target the unmet needs of this condition.
Early diagnosis is pertinent to avoid treatments that are contraindicated and exacerbate seizures [17].Initial treatments include valproate (VPA) and clobazam (CLB), although they are generally insufcient to control seizures [18].Stiripentol, cannabidiol, and fenfuramine are the newer treatments proposed for DS [19].Nonpharmacological treatment modalities such as cannabidiol have also shown to signifcantly reduce seizures compared to placebo [20].Another meta-analysis showed ketogenic diet as a safe treatment option for patients with Dravet syndrome [21].

Conclusion
Dravet syndrome is a challenging disorder that requires a multidisciplinary approach to optimize the management and quality of life for afected individuals.Early diagnosis, genetic testing, and appropriate treatment interventions play crucial roles in mitigating the impact of seizures and 2 Case Reports in Medicine associated developmental delays.Continued research and improved access to specialized therapies are essential in enhancing outcomes and providing support to individuals and families afected by Dravet syndrome.